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Italy 1850-1870
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Cavour, Garibaldi, Napoleon II and the unification of Italy
1852  Cavour becomes Prime Minister.

1855  Piedmont enters the Crimean war on the allied side.

1858  (Jan) Orsini bomb plot, an abortive attempt to assassinate Napoleon III.
         (July) Cavour and Napoleon III sign the Pact of Plombieres.

1859  Piedment and France at war with Austria
         (Jan) Victor Emmanuel uses provocative language aimed at Austria.
         (Apr) Austrian ultimatum issued, demanding unconditional Sardinian demobilisation.
         Austria’s ultimatum is rejected by Sardinia.
         France declares war on Austria.
         (June) Austria heavily defeated at Magenta.
         (June) Austria defeated at Solferino. Heavy losses by both armies.
         (July) Napoleon III concludes the Peace of Villafranca: Cavour resigns.
         (Aug) Constituent Assemblies meet in Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Romagna
         forming a military alliance and demanding Victor Emmanuel as King.

1860  (Jan) Cavour regains power.
         Almost unanimous vote by plebiscite in the central Italian states (Parma,
         Modena, Tuscany and Romagna) for union with Piedmont.
         Sardinia cedes Nice and Savoy to France.
         Much of northern Italy is united under Sardinian monarchy.
         Garibaldi and the southern Italian states - Sicily and Naples
         (5 May 5) Garibaldi’s guerrilla expedition sets sail from north for Sicily.
         (11 May) Garibaldi lands in Sicily.
         (27 May) Garibaldi's forces take Palermo.
         (22 Aug) Garibaldi lands on the Italian mainland.
         (7 Sept) Fall of Naples; Francis II flee.
         (Sept) Sardinian troops enter the Papal States.
         Garibaldi defeats Papal forces at Castelfidardo.
         Sicily and Naples decide to unite with Sardinia.  
         Umbria votes to unite with Sardinia.

1861  (Feb) Italian Parliament proclaims Victor Emmanuel King of Italy.
         (June) Cavour dies.

1862  Garibaldi mounts a campaign from Sicily to overthrow the Pope: having made a
         triumphal progress through Sicily he is defeated and captured by Italian royal troops.

1865  French troops gradually withdraw from Rome

1866  (Apr) Secret offensive and defensive alliance between Italy and Prussia.
         Austro-Prussian War (with Sardinia an ally of Bismarck/Prussia).
         (June) Italian forces defeated at Custozza.
         Following the defeat by the Prussians at Koniggratz (Sadowa) in July Francis Joseph
         of Austria cedes Venetia to the Emperor Napoleon III and through him to the Italians
         in return for the mediation of France in the Austro-Prussian War.
         (Oct) Venetia formally votes to unite with Italy. Italy entirely free of foreign troops.

1867  (Oct) Garibaldi raises volunteers for a march on Rome,
         French troops defeat Garibaldi's army at Montana.
         Garibaldi arrested by the government.

1870  Franco-Prussian war and unification of Papal territory (excluding the Vatican).
         (Sept) Defeat of France at Sedan and collapse of Napoleon III’s government leads
         to removal of French troops from Rome.
         King Victor Emmanuel marches on Rome and (Sept) Italian forces enter Rome
         after resistance by Papal troops
         (Oct) Plebiscite in the Papal States approves union with Italy and
         National Assembly votes to remove capital from Florence to Rome.
         The Pope is allowed to retain authority over the Vatican.


This is the basic factual framework for 1850-70
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