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Italy 1914-1948
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1914
Aug First World War starts; Italy remains neutral.
Nov Mussolini founds his
newspaper, Il Popolo d’Italia, and is expelled from the Socialist
party.
1915 May Italy enters the war on the side of Britain and France.
1917 Oct-Nov Battle of Caporetto.
1918 Oct-Nov Battle of Vittorio Veneto.
Nov Armistice is signed.
1919 Jan The Catholic Italian Popular party is formed.
March Mussolini forms the first
fascio di combattimento at Milan.
June Francesco Nitti becomes
Prime Minister.
Treaty of Versailles is signed.
Sept Gabriele D’Annunzio
occupies Fiume.
Nov Parliamentary elections.
1920 June Giolitti becomes Prime Minister.
Aug-Sept Workers occupy
factories in the north.
1921 Jan Italian Communist party is formed.
May Parliamentary elections;
Mussolini and another 35 Fascists are elected.
Nov The National Fascist party
is created.
1922 Feb Pius XI becomes Pope.
Oct The ‘March on Rome’;
Mussolini becomes Prime Minister.
Nov Mussolini is given
emergency powers by parliament for a year.
Dec The Fascist Militia is
created.
1923 Jan The Fascist Grand Council is created.
Aug Mussolini orders the
occupation of Corfu.
1924 April Parliamentary elections take place under the Acerbo
Law.
June The socialist deputy,
Giacomo Matteotti, is murdered; opposition parties boycott parliament.
1925 Jan Mussolini declares the Fascist dictatorship.
Oct The ‘battle for grain’ is
launched.
1926 April The Fascist syndical laws are approved.
July The Ministry of Corporations is
created.
Nov Special dictatorial decrees are
issued.
1927 Dec The revaluation of the lira is achieved.
1928 Dec The Fascist Grand Council is made a constitutional body.
1929 Feb The Lateran Pacts are signed.
1931 Dec Achille Starace becomes PNF Secretary.
1932 Oct The Fascist regime celebrates the 10th anniversary of
Fascism’s coming to power;
the PNF reopens its ranks to
new members.
1934 Feb Corporations are created.
June Mussolini and Hitler meet for
the first time at Venice.
July Nazis murder the Austrian
Chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss;
Mussolini defends Austrian
independence.
1935 Oct Italy invades Ethiopia, and League of Nations sanctions
are imposed against Italy.
1936 May Mussolini declares victory in Ethiopia.
June Mussolini’s son-in-law, Galeazzo
Ciano, is appointed Foreign Minister.
Oct Mussolini declares the formation
of the Rome-Berlin Axis; Italy and Germany agree
to intervene on Franco’s side in the
Spanish Civil War.
1938 March Hitler unites Austria with Germany, with Mussolini’s
approval.
July Anti-Jewish laws are adopted.
Sept The Munich Conference.
1939 April Italy occupies Albania.
May Italy and Germany sign the Pact
of Steel.
Sept Germany invades Poland, and
Britain and France declare war
on Germany; Italy says that it is a
‘non-belligerent’.
1940 June Italy enters the war on Germany’s side, and invades
France.
Oct Italy attacks Greece.
1942 Nov Allies land in North Africa.
1943 March Workers strike in northern Italy.
July Allies land in Sicily.
The Fascist Grand Council meets
and decides to end Mussolini’s leadership;
Mussolini is arrested by the
King, and Badoglio becomes Prime Minister.
Sept Allies land on the Italian
mainland; Italy announces an armistice and declares war
on Germany; the Germans occupy
Italy; the King and Badoglio flee to the south;
armed anti-Fascist Resistance
begins; Mussolini is rescued by the Germans
and put at the head of the Salň
Republic.
1945 April Northern Italy is liberated; Mussolini is captured and
executed by partisans.
1946 June Italy decides to abolish the monarchy in a referendum.
1948 Jan The Italian Republic is officially in existence.
This is the basic
factual framework
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